JPA (Jakarta Persistence API) is a specification defining how Java objects map to relational database tables. Hibernate is the most widely used implementation of that specification. Spring Data JPA is a further abstraction layer on top of JPA that eliminates most boilerplate DAO/repository code by letting you declare a repository interface and having Spring generate the implementation automatically at runtime, based on method names or annotations.

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#Spring Data JPA#JPA#Hibernate

What is Spring Data JPA, and how does it relate to JPA and Hibernate?

You Can Swap the JPA Provider Without Touching Repository Code

Because Spring Data JPA programs against the JPA specification's interfaces (EntityManager, etc.), not Hibernate-specific APIs, swapping the underlying provider (say, from Hibernate to EclipseLink) is theoretically a dependency-and-configuration-only change — repository interfaces and their generated queries don't need to change, since they never referenced Hibernate directly in the first place.

JPA (spec) ← implemented by Hibernate (provider) ← wrapped by Spring Data JPA (repository abstraction, less boilerplate)